A Guide for Watering the Newly Planted Shrubs (2017)

A Guide for Watering the Newly Planted Shrubs, by Ian A.Reid

This article specifically refers to the 10 shrubs that were planted near the picnic tables in the spring of 2017. The results of the recommendations can be used for other nearby plants (shrubs) as well.

These shrubs evolved over centuries without human interference. So the question is when should humans interfere with Mother Nature?

People cannot control the amount of rain for this area or any other area. If the soil is waterlogged for an extended period, the plants die. e.g. when a reservoir is created, the trees in the reservoir die for lack of oxygen. Likewise. If the roots of shrubs are waterlogged for an extended period, the shrub dies for lack of oxygen. The other extreme condition is drought over extended periods of time. Here it takes a long time for the plants to die because through evolutionary mechanisms the plant prolongs its life. So people should only intervene with Mother Nature when the normal rainfall amounts for the area are in a deficit situation except for newly planted plants when extra water is beneficial.

So what is the normal rain fall amount for this area? For this, we find that the Environment Canada’s Macdonald – Cartier station is the closest weather station to the site where the shrubs are planted.

The Government of Canada lists the monthly precipitation data for the Macdonald – Cartier Weather station in millimetres (mm), are as follows:

	Feb.	Mar.	April	May	June	July	Aug.	Sept.	Oct.
Monthly Precipitation (mm)	54.3	64.4	74.5	80.3	92.8	91.9	85.5	90.1	86.1
Average Weekly Precipitation (mm)	13.6	16.1	18.6	20.1	23.2	23.0	21.4	22.5	21.5

This is how roots behave after, say, a 20 mm rainfall. Because of gravity the water table gradually lowers. As the water table lowers, the roots follow the water table down to obtain nourishment. This is the normal action of roots and this regime develops a strong deep root system. When gardeners water their plants every day, the roots stay near the surface because they have lots of water. This is not a normal situation, and the plant develops a shallow root system.

I’m going to plant a rain gauge in the middle of the newly planted shrubs. The gauge will be read Fridays of each week. If there is a water deficit compared to the normal precipitation as indicated from the table above. Water will be added to make up for the deficit. By following this regime the shrubs should develop a strong deep root system. This regime of watering to make up for any deficit is especially important during the first year after transplanting. It’s not so important in subsequent years because of the strong roots developed in the first year after transplanting. If in the second year after transplanting a mini or major drought occurs, the plants should definitely be watered to at least normal amounts of water as indicated by the table above.

Now, let’s solve a hypothetical example. The rain gauge reading on a Friday showed that there is a 5 mm deficit of rain when compared to the Macdonald – Cartier weather station. This means that 5 mm of water has to be added to each of the 10 shrubs to bring the water table up to the recommended level. Since Environment Canada lists precipitation in millimeters (mm), we’ll do the calculations in mm.

For each shrub, we must add the following amount of water by bucket or hose:

Each plant is planted within a circular area covered by mulch. This area is to be watered and we need to first determine the circle area. The area of a circle, A, equals Pi times the circle’s Radius, R, squared. Pi is a constant that is close to 3.1416. This is written A = Pi x R x R. The circle diameter was measured to be 4 feet (or 122 cm). Therefore the circle radius is half that (61 cm). Because rainfall is measured in millimetres convert this to 610 mm. The resulting circle area is 3.1416 x 610 mm x 610 mm = 1,700,000 mm2. We’re adding water, 5 mm in depth so the volume is 1,170,000 mm2 x 5 mm = 5,845,000 mm3 (cubic mm). Let us just say it is 5.8 million mm3. Now, 1 litre contains 1 million mm3. To determine how many litres of water are needed, take the amount needed, 5.8 million mm3, and divide it by 1,000,000 mm3/litre. Conveniently, the answer is 5.8 litres (notice, it is the same number of litres as the number of millions mm3). Further simplify buy rounding up 5.8 to 6 litres. The calculation indicates that 6 liters of water distributed equally within the circle has to be added to each shrub to bring the water table up to normal.

This water can be added by bucket (pail) or hose. If the water is added by a bucket, simply add 6 liters of water in the bucket and spread it carefully to each shrub.

If the water is added by hose, the hose must be calibrated first as follows:
Step 1. Choose a close by hose and stretch it out as it will be used to water the shrubs. The same configuration must be used every time the shrubs are watered to maintain the same calibration. This calculation assumes that the water pressure at the source remains constant day after day. i.e. turn the tap the same number of full turns each time, or just open it to maximum each time.
Step 2. Record the time it takes to fill, say a 20 liter bucket (pail). Any watch that can measure seconds can be used to measure the time. Let us say that with our tap opened to the maximum it took 32 seconds to get 20 litres of water.

Now, from the example above, we must calculate the time it takes to fill a 6 liter container.

The calculation: 20 liters = 32 seconds (time to fill a 20 liter pail). That is a rate of 32 seconds per 20 litres - this is 32s/20litre = 1.6 seconds/litre. If 6 litres are needed, multiply this number by the rate. i.e. Time to get 6 litres = 6 liters x 1.6 sec/litre = 9.6 seconds. That is pretty close to 10 seconds, so say it is 10 seconds.

If the hose has a different configuration, even a slight kink in the hose makes a difference in the calibration, than in Step 1, the hose must be recalibrated. Hopefully, a nozzle will be on the hose that will deliver a gentle shower of water on the shrub, a hose without a nozzle under high pressure could damage the area around the shrub. This kind of watering is a NO-NO.

I must confess that I’ll probably add a little more water to each shrub as indicated by the calculations above to take care of evaporation.

When this planting and watering regime is followed, these shrubs should thrive for their whole life span that could be for up to 50 years.

Comments are welcome.

Take care,
Ian A. Reid BSc (f) UNB ‘49

NOTES:
Conversion factors:
1 inch = 2.54 cm
1 foot = 12 inches
1 cm = 10 mm

Reference:
Government of Canada weather station at the Macdonald –Cartier International Airport

Acknowledgement:
The author wishes to thank Craig Hamm for suggestions and assistance with the final edit.

A Guide to Planting Shrubs

A Guide to Planting Shrubs, by Ian A. Reid

I have watched several videos on the subject of “Planting Shrubs.” All the videos, I watched miss two essential steps. The missed steps are the first two listed below, as follows:

1. Determining height of the root crown; the root crown is the point of the shrub between the top of the roots and the start of the stem.

It’s very important that this point is one inch above ground level. How do we determine the height of the crown? After the hole for the shrub has been dug, lay a pole from one side of the hole to the other side intersecting the point where the crown will be positioned. Adjust the heights of the crown (where the roots start) one inch above the ground level by putting or taking away soil at the bottom of the hole. To make sure the soil is compacted, tamp the soil down by your feet or by some other means. This removes air pockets and prevents the shrub from settling over time. If this is not done, over time the crown could sink below ground level. (Hint: a good way way to tamp the soil around the roots is to place the plant, fill the hole at least partially full of water and then add the soil.  As the water is absorbed and flows away into the ground, it pulls the wet soil into the holes around the roots, getting rid of air pockets.  Also, you aren't pounding around on top of the roots.)

Before placing the root ball in the hole, scar the root ball say every six places around the ball by some instrument. The scar should create gullies about one inch deep. We have pruning saws in the southern shed that will do an excellent job.

If the sides of the soil are compacted, break up this soil with a shovel or pick before planting

2. Before digging the hole for the shrub, place a tarp on the ground near the hole to prevent the soil from the hole escaping.

Once the soil is on the tarp, remove all weeds and big rocks. Small rocks (stones) can remain. Mix removed soil from hole with compost from the compost pile near the winter storage area .The back fill should contain up to 10% compost well mixed with the soil from the hole. Before backfilling it’s OK, but not necessary, to add a little Bone meal, No other fertilizer is to be used as it may damage (burn) the delicate roots. The roots just before planting could be soaked in water for say 30 minutes.

To check that the shrub is vertical, Use a plumb bob to line up the plumb line with the stem of the shrub. Do this again at 90 degrees to make sure the shrub is vertical. The plumb bob could be hand made by attaching a weight at the end of a piece of string. The weight could be a small stone. Stand back 10 feet or so to check that the shrub is plumb.

3. Diameter of hole. As a general rule, the diameter of the hole, for ease of work, could be 2 to 3 times the diameter of pot. E.g. If the pot is 12 inches in diameter, the hole could be 24 to 36 inches in diameter.

4. Mulching: Mulching suppresses weeds from growing and the water in the soil from evaporating. The mulch should be no more than 2 to 3 inches thick. Never mulch near the shrub’s crown; leave this space clean. The roots have to breathe. Mulch that is too thick, suffocates the roots. Mulch covering the root flare restricts oxygen from the root system, possibility causing the shrub to rot and die.

5. Planting shrubs in a straight line. We have string and a measuring tape in the northern shed ready for use.

6. Spacing: The space between the shrubs should be such that when mature there is a little space between the shrubs.

As a rule of thumb, 15 feet (5m) should be OK for the taller shrubs. A lesser distance for smaller shrubs should be used. The shrubs spread at maturity can be found in Wikipedia.

7. Watering. Watering especially during the first year is very important. The potting mix probably dries out faster than the soil in the hole because the potting mix is not real soil but a mixture of other stuff.

After back filling the hole, the soil should be lightly tamped (not compacted) to get rid of air pockets and then thoroughly watered.

This watering should be repeated every two weeks or though out the growing season.

 I feel somewhat responsible for the NAGA shrubs because first, I planted, at no cost to NAGA, the 20 or more shrubs in about 2000 that were removed to facilitate the upgrade to the Hydro Facility in the South East corner of NAGA, and second, I negotiated with the Chief Engineer in charge of the Hydro’s upgrade to get the $600 to replace the shrubs removed.  If I hadn’t contacted the Company doing the upgrade, we would have not have received any money from the Company. The Company thought that the shrubs belonged to the City.

If the above suggestions are followed, these shrubs should flourish for many years.

Closing Thoughts

I have no idea how many shrubs $600 will buy. This money does not all have to be spent this year. If more money is needed to complete a Master Plan, perhaps it could be provided by NAGA.

I’m suggesting that a committee of interested gardeners be formed to prepare a Master Plan to include not only shrubs but also items like flowering bee beds in bright sun and in the shade and also the placement of Park benches.

As these shrubs grow it will be nice to sit in the shade watching the bees and birds going about their business. Many of our plants depend on bees (honey and bumble). Last summer because of the scarcity of bees, I had to hand pollinate a few plants. In addition my Mason bee house was unoccupied.

When choosing the specific location for the shrubs, remember that the grass will be cut around the shrubs. Please leave room for the big and small mowers to maneuver.

Take care,
Ian A. Reid, NAGA gardener

[Conversion factor: one inch = 2.54 cm ]

How to make the fermented drink, Kefir

                           
By
Ian A Reid,  (NAGA member since 1991)

Introduction

Some of my friends have asked me about the fermented drink called kefir. I’ve been making kefir for years. So I’ve preparing this article so that you can make your own kefir at home. I’ll answer the questions: what, where, when, why and how.

About Kefir

Kefir is a slightly effervescent acidulous beverage made mostly from cow’s milk and kefir grains (a yeast/bacterial fermentation starter). Much has been written about kefir. References are provided at the end of the article, in case you want to research the subject in more detail. One reference states that kefir grains involve a community of 30 different types of microbes, including common food fermentation favorites, such as actobacilli, leuconostoc, acetobacter and saccharomyces. So far, nobody has been able to reproduce kefir in the laboratory. Most kefir grains prepared commercially in the US are not made with traditional kefir grains. Instead they are made using starter cultures consisting of some, but not all, known organisms that are part of the traditional kefir symbiosis. Powdered starters approximating kefir are not limited to large scale producers. Several powdered kefir starters are available for small scale home production. Buyers beware. If you want genuine kefir grains, do your research. The laboratory produced starter cultures not only taste good but are beneficial to health. They are not, however, genuine kefir. I’ll list companies that, hopefully, sell genuine kefir grains at the end of this article. It is thought that kefir grains originated in the Caucasus Mountains centuries years ago some say 9000 years ago. Kefir is made today by adding kefir grains to cow, goat or sheep milk.

Equipment

I use the following utensils: Two one liter bottles, labelled ‘A’ and ‘B’, one strainer, one 2-liter glass container, a couple of spoons and a chop stick. Some authors use wooden spoons and plastic strainers instead of metal ones. I feel that the metal strainer is OK because the kefir is in contact with the metal for such a short period of time.

The picture to the left shows: one fermenting bottle of kefir, utensils (glass bowl, strainer, funnel, chop stick), and half a bottle of ready kefir, half consumed. The picture on the right shows a close up view of fermenting kefir in the left bottle.

Ingredients

When you receive the starter culture follow the instructions to the letter. Raw fresh milk is considered to be the best by some. If you use raw milk; make sure you know the conditions of the source. Raw milk could contain bad bacteria and dirt. Make sure the milk you use isn’t ultra-pasteurized or lactose free. The next best milk is whole milk followed by 2% then skim. When using powered skim milk, be sure to mix it with chlorine free water (boiling water will remove chlorine). For the first week, I use whole milk to get the grains growing. Grains under optimum conditions double in size about every ten days. After a week or so after starting a new batch I switch to powdered skim milk, which I buy wholesale. Skim milk powder has fewer calories than whole milk and seems to work fine. If I see degradation in the kefir quality, I’ll switch back to whole milk for a while.

Steps for Making Kefir

Make sure your two bottles, ‘A’ and ‘B’, and clean and dry.

1. Place a little more than one table spoon of kefir grains into bottle ‘A’, then add the milk to within one inch (2.5 cm) of the top. Give the bottle a shake, then cover the top of the bottle with cheese cloth, or something similar, to let the culture breathe. Place it in a dark corner for 24 hours. Sometime during the day give the bottle another shake to expose fresh milk around the grains.

Tip: Temperature affects the speed of fermentation. A warm environment speeds up the rate of fermentation while a cooler environment slows down the rate of fermentation (It does not matter if your temperature varies during fermentation time between 18C and 30C which gives a wider spectrum of bacterial and yeast growth. A fermentation of a constant 18o C or constant 30o C is not recommended. - source).

2. After the 24 hours, strain the kefir into the glass bowl. Ladle (spoon) the kefir grains left in the strainer into a clean bottle ‘B’ and fill it to within one inch of its top with milk and set it aside for 24 hours. Then pour the strained kefir from the bowl into the first liter bottle, bottle ‘A’. Bottle ‘A’ is kefir that is now ready to drink (sometimes I put some on my fermented cooked steel cut oats to which is added a little turmeric, cinnamon and ginger).

Tip: Often, just before straining the kefir, I notice whey in the bottom third of the bottle. I simply use a chopstick to stir the milk before straining. (After the grains are producing well you could experiment with soy, almond or coconut milk.)

3. The next day, repeat the process for straining, with bottle ‘B.’ Re-use bottle ‘A’ to take the new strained kefir (if you are done with bottle ‘A’), or use a new clean bottle.

Storage

Making kefir is a daily chore. Kefir contains large amounts of good bacteria as well as being slightly acid. It’s probably a good idea to consume a small glass at first to see how your body reacts to kefir. When your body reacts favorably increase your daily consumption to say one glass a day. If you need to go away for a few days or weeks, here is what you can do.

Freezing is the best for medium to long term storage of kefir. To freeze, rinse the grains with water and pat dry with a paper towel. Roll them in a bowl of powdered milk. Partly fill a freezer bag with powdered milk and bury the powered milk covered grains into a freezer bag. These grains should last in good condition for six months or more. Another option is to place the grains into a small bottle with a lid and place it in the freezer. I stored mine this way for about 6 months without problems. To store grains for only a day or two, it’s probably safe to simply put the grains into a bottle of cold milk and then into the fridge. A cool environment slows down the rate of fermentation. A web site address is provided, below, for more information on long term storage.

Summary

Kefir grains have been around for thousands of years, some sources say for 9000 years. It is thought that the grains originate in the Caucasus Mountains. Many stories have been passed down by word of mouth over the ages about the health benefits of kefir. Traditional kefir is fermented at room temperatures for 24 hours. Fermentation of the milk yields a sour, carbonated, slightly alcoholic beverage. Real kefir grains under the right conditions last a long time, maybe forever. Some authors say that real kefir has to be made at home. Some Suppliers are selling kefir starter cultures that do not have the same qualities as the real kefir grains. These starter cultures are thought to contain fewer of the beneficial bacteria. Some of these powdered started cultures only last for a short period of time according to some suppliers. Costumers of grains must do their homework to make sure you are buying the desired product and not some inferior product.

References

a. Wikipedia: The article in Wikipedia lists 26 references, plus 2 references for further reading. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kefir
b. Katz, Sandor Ellix (2012), The Art of Fermentation, An in-depth exploration of essential concepts and processes from around the world. With practical information on Fermenting Vegetables, Fruits, Grains, Milk, Beans, Meats, and more. Published by Chelsea Green Publishing, White River Junction, Vermont.
c. Kefir Kitchen, What is Kefir and How to Make It, They sell what look like real kefir grains, http://www.culturesforhealth.com/starter-cultures/kefir-starter-cultures.htm.
c. Yemoos, Genuine Culture Products and Information. Milk Kefir – Step-by-step Guide.
www.yemoos.com/recommilkefir.html. For these items view Milk Kefir Recommendations.
d. Kefir, Yoghurt for Life, website: http://www.kefir.biz/ferm.htm

edited by Craig Hamm

Fermentation of Vegetables for Food

By
Ian A. Reid, 11-Nov-16 (NAGA member since 1991)

Introduction
This is the end of the gardening season and I have a few nutritious vegetables left in the ground.
I have no storage facilities and only a little extra space in my freezer. I have giver lots of vegetables away but still have lots left. Do I chop the vegetables up for the compost bin or do I ferment them? I choose to ferment them the way some of us did in the old days before the invention of electricity.

I will briefly answer the following questions; what, where, when, why and how.

Right off the bat, I must confess that I’m not an expert on the subject. I do have what I believe to be the best books on the subject that I’ll quote or at least refer to.

WHAT: Fermentation—Webster’s Dictionary definition: a chemical change with effervescence; esp: a transformation of an organic substance by the action of ferments. Sandor Elli Katz in his books a, Wild fermentation and the Art of FERMENTATION (Reference at the end) gives scientific explanations of fermentation.

What we need to know is that fermentation breaks down food into something nutritious: example (e.g.) Yogurt, kefir and sauerkraut. The literature also states no one has been poisoned so far as is known from eating fermented foods. It is stated that fermented foods are a powerful aid to digestion and a protection against disease.

WHERE: Any plant from your garden that hasn’t been sprayed with a chemical and is not rotten.
Any plant from anywhere else that is chemical free. Before starting the actual fermentation, all plants should be washed with chlorine free water. In addition, chlorine and fluoride free water must be used in the fermentation process.

WHEN: At any time, but generally, people ferment when there is an abundance of plant food available. At the end of the gardening seasoning is an ideal time providing surplus plants, in fairly good condition, are available before freezing weather sets in?

WHY: To prevent waste. Throwing good plants in the compost bin in not really a waste but a better choice is to make nutritious food that lasts well into the winter. Some authors state that fermenting food is as easy as 1, 2, and 3. Why not give it a try?

HOW: Please see the foods we are fermenting at the present time.

The two garlic bottles front left are in 2% brine. The bottle with air lock is self- brine sauerkraut. The others are 2% brine: Swiss chard stems, Collard greens stems.  bitter melon is self-brine. The bottles to the right are: 2% brine as follows: Back, Green Tomatoes, Beets and Radish, in front are Red Peppers.

Most authors recommend unrefined sea salt. These salts have the trace minerals intact. What you don’t want to use is iodized table salt with the material in it to make it run freely.

Brine Formulas
One tablespoon (15 ML) salt weighs about 14 g or ½ oz. It’s difficult to get an accurate measurement of salt as the grains are so large.

Pickle-it (www.pickl-it.com) has 3 brine formulas as follows:

a) SELF-BRINE: meaning that the juices in the plants provide the moisture, no additional water is necessary. E.g., Cabbage, beets, bitter melon, Swiss chard leaves.

Formula: 19 grams salt plus 3 pounds of vegetable. This works out to about 1.4 % brine. The calculation is: 3 lb x 16 oz/lb = 48 oz. Now, 48 oz x 28.35 g/oz = 1360 grams. Therefore, (19g/1360g) x 100 = 1.4% salt.

b) 2% BRINE: This means for vegetables that haven’t enough juice when shredded or cut up into small pieces to make enough juice when pressed down in the jar to cover the vegetables. 

E.g, green beans, broccoli, garlic.

Formula: 19 grams of salt plus 4 cups of chlorine free water. As stated above, this works out to be 2% brine.

c) CUKE-BRINE: Pickling cucumbers have 2 formulas:

Full sour:  48 grams of salt plus 4 cups of water = 5% brine. 

Half –sour: 33 grams salt plus 4 cups of water=3.5% brine.

Please note that the above formulas are using air locks to exclude air from the vegetables being fermented. See example in picture of jar with air lock. An air lock allows the release of CO2 and oxygen, creating anaerobic conditions. Without oxygen mold doesn’t form.

Fermenting without an air lock requires a little more salt. To give 2% brine, a cabbage weighing 1360 grams requires 1360 x 0.02 = 27g of salt . Some authors use less salt others more. If you don’t have a digital scale, you can use measuring spoons to measure the amount of salt necessary for your 2% brine. A spoon measure is not as accurate as a digital scale measure. I’ve weighed the following on my scales using unrefined sea salt.

Another important consideration to keep in mind is that HEAT kills bacteria (good and bad). The most nutritional benefit is the live bacterial cultures which are destroyed by cooking. This doesn’t mean that you can’t cook the fermented foods. It only means that all the beneficial bacteria when cooked are dead. Store bought pasteurized fermenting foods have no beneficial bacteria left, they are all dead.  Fermenting foods give off a gas. If you sealed the container while the food is fermenting the container will explode. After an extended period of time, maybe after a month or more, all the food used in the fermentation process is probably consumed. At this time the container can probably be safely sealed. Fermented foods won’t last forever. As a rule of thumb, I’d check the quality of the fermented food after it’s been in the fridge for say six months. 

Since I’m most familiar with making sauerkraut I’ll briefly explain the process. Acquire a red or white cabbage and carry out the following steps. 1 weigh it, 2 quarter it, 3 and shred it 4 calculate weight of salt to use. Use the 2% formula for self- brining. 5 in a large bowl sprinkle the salt over the shredded cabbage. 6 with your clean fingers and nails work the salt into the cabbage. Salt brings the juice out of the cabbage. This step is very important so do a thorough job.7 Ladle cabbage into a suitable (not metal) container within about one inch of its top. Squeeze down the cabbage by hand or other tool so that the juice rises above the top layers of cabbage. Any portion of the cabbage not covered by juice will spoil. When necessary add a little salt water so that the cabbage is always totally covered. 8 Attach air lock or weigh down the cabbage with a glass nearly full of water that fits inside the cabbage container. Other clean weights can be used to weigh down the cabbage. Wait 2 or 3 weeks for fermentation to take place in a shady location. After the fermentation stopes, the jar can be placed in the fridge.  Since there is quite a bit of salt in the sauerkraut, one should limit, for health reasons, the amount of sauerkraut consumed at one time.

In the vegetables that had the 2%brine, there is lots of juice left in the container. This juice can be used as a digestive tonic and as a soup stock. Don’t throw this juice out because it contains complex flavors and it is full of Lactobacilli. If the juice is a little salty, add a little more chlorine free water.

Health Benefits

Many health benefits have been claimed for sauerkraut. Source: Wikipedia

• It is a source of vitamins B, C, and K;[19] the fermentation process increases the bioavailability of nutrients rendering sauerkraut even more nutritious than the original cabbage.[20] It is also low in calories and high in calcium and magnesium, and it is a very good source of dietary fiber, folate, iron, potassium, copper and manganese.[19]

• If unpasteurized and uncooked, sauerkraut also contains live lactobacilli and beneficial microbes and is rich in enzymes. The fiber and supply of probiotics improve digestion and promote the growth of healthy bowel flora, protecting against many diseases of the digestive tract.[20][21]

• Sauerkraut has been used in Europe for centuries to treat stomach ulcers, and its effectiveness for soothing the digestive tract has been well established by numerous studies.[22]

• Raw sauerkraut is distinctly different from store-bought, canned sauerkraut. While many food manufacturers can or jar their kraut using heat in order to extend shelf life, raw sauerkraut is lacto-fermented and is alive with good bacteria and probiotics. Raw sauerkraut is fermented over days or weeks at room temperature, packaged into jars with its own brine solution, then refrigerated to preserve the vitamins, enzymes, and beneficial bacteria without any heat. The lactic acid creates beneficial intestinal flora, balances stomach pH both directions, and helps break down proteins.[23]

• During the American Civil War, the physician John Jay Terrell (1829–1922)[24][25] was able to successfully reduce the death rate from disease among prisoners of war; he attributed this to the practice of feeding his patients raw sauerkraut.[26]

• Sauerkraut is a time-honored folk remedy for canker sores. It is used by rinsing the mouth with sauerkraut juice for about 30 seconds several times a day, or by placing a wad of sauerkraut against the affected area for a minute or so before chewing and swallowing the kraut.[27]

• The October 23, 2002 issue of the Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry reported that Finnish researchers found the isothiocyanates produced in sauerkraut fermentation inhibit the growth of cancer cells in test tube and animal studies.[28] A Polish study in 2010 concluded that "... induction of the key detoxifying enzymes by cabbage juices, particularly sauerkraut, may be responsible for their chemopreventive activity demonstrated by epidemiological studies and in animal models".[29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36]

• Sauerkraut is high in the antioxidants lutein and zeaxanthin, both associated with preserving ocular health.[37].

Closing

Remember, I said that I’m not an expert on the subject of fermentation. I hope that I’ve made no serious mistakes or gave wrong information. I’ve only scratched the surface. There are lots more to learn. If I’ve sparked your interest in this subject, I’ve accomplished my task.

Local libraries should stock the above two mentioned references. If they don’t carry them, they might order them. There are probably other good references on fermentation in our library. JustFood.ca occasionally offer canning workshops, in Ottawa, as well.

References

a. Wild fermentation by Sandor Ellix Katz,Chelsea Green Publishing Company, White River, Junction,Vermont, 187 pages, The flavor, nutrition and craft of Live Culture Foods.

b. The ART of Fermentation by Sandor Ellix Katz,Chelsea Green Publishing Company, White River, Junction,Vermont, 498 pages, an in-depth exploration of essential concepts and processes from around the world.

(Please note that I haven’t copied or quoted from the above noted two books as the material is Copyrighted.)

c. Wikipedia (numbered references as indicated above per Wikipedia page)

Take care, 

Ian Reid

Kazimierz Senkowski (April 8, 1936 - September 27, 2016)

Long time NAGA gardener, 'Kaz' passed away 27 Sept 2016. His obituary is posted at the Ottawa Citizen.


NAGA member and friend to Kaz, Ian Reid provided the following tribute to Kaz:

Kazimierz Senkowski passed away on September 27, 2016. I’ve known Kaz for about 25 years at the NAGardens. We shared neighboring plots for both the Annual and Perennial gardens during the past 25 years. Stakes mark the boundary corners. We only marked the plot boundaries, not by a string as most gardeners do, but by a foot path made by a shovel between the stakes. Kaz knew where my boundary was and I knew where his was. We never augured about the boundary .Kaz never stole from me nor I from him. To sum up you couldn’t ask for a better neighbor.

Volunteer work

Kaz volunteered for many jobs over the years: Here is a picture of Kaz and I cleaning out a compost bin to make room for the next year’s supply of plant material.




Here is that same Bin after being cleaned.




I’m showing this to point out that there is not a speck of compost in the bin even though it was being filled with plant material the next day. Kaz was a perfectionist. Most people wouldn’t bother cleaning out a bin like Kaz did. Everything Kaz did was done right, no short cuts. His gardens were laid out in straight lines and were weed free.

Cutting Grass

Kaz took over from me and cut the grass for several years. I used to ask him if he serviced the Mower (changed the oil, oil filter etc.) If he didn’t say it outright, he basically said that I have a Master’s Degree in Mechanical Engineering (I think I’m right, correct me if I’m wrong) and in addition he said that I worked in a garage back in Poland. Kaz as it turned out he knew more than me about servicing the Mower than I did. He did a fine job.

Kas will be missed at the gardens and elsewhere..

Thanks for being my friend. Ian Reid.